Pop-up ads experienced a remarkable surge in the late 1990s and early 2000s, initially offering a seemingly easy way for companies to reach a wide audience. Driven by their immediate visibility, these intrusive windows became ubiquitous across the online world, generating substantial income for publishers and advertisers . However, user displeasure

The pervasive nature of ad fraud poses a significant challenge to the digital advertising industry. This comparative analysis investigates the diverse strategies employed by fraudsters and reveals their impact on advertisers, publishers, and consumers. By comparing various fraudulent practices across different platforms and geographies, this study